COMPARATIVE Literature and TRANSLATION Studies have so far expanded the frontiers of their own disciplines beyond their traditional conventional sense. Individually or in cooperation with the other, either discipline can lead to a more comprehensive understanding of literatures and cultures. The synergy between the two disciplines through bringing together methods and theories from both can result in innovative studies that cannot be properly conducted within the boundaries of either discipline separately. Adopting a historical perspective, the present paper highlighted the points of convergence between the two disciplines in order to identify the fields of research which can benefit most from the cooperation between the scholars of COMPARATIVE literature and TRANSLATION studies. Literary history, TRANSLATION history, and reception studies belong to such fields of research.

Unlike literal TRANSLATIONs which are devoted to professional TRANSLATION, interpretive TRANSLATIONs are not merely concerned with the original text. This paper analyzes TRANSLATIONs of Holy Koran with reference to some specific sections focusing on the following issues: COMPARATIVE TRANSLATION, omissions in TRANSLATION, and unity of TRANSLATION.

TRANSLATION is one of the first steps and a highly influential element in the development of the literary heritage of a nation. Hence, the study of TRANSLATION studies is intrinsic to the research activities concerned with COMPARATIVE literature, the productiveness of which benefitting all eras. Mastering languages of the world is a very painstaking task indeed. Consequently, the COMPARATIVE researchers welcome TRANSLATION studies. A glance at the literary TRANSLATION movements in Iran reveals the very fact that translators active in this field have done a poor job which can be due to lack of enough knowledge of Iranian COMPARATIVE researchers with western literature. This paper is an attempt to familiarize the readers with COMPARATIVE literature and introduce the most renowned works translated in Persian language.

Although shifts are considered as one of the universals in the TRANSLATION process, the dichotomy of faithful vs. acceptable TRANSLATION has been the main concern for TRANSLATION studies for many years. However, the invaluable researches performed by scholars have mainly focused on the interlingual TRANSLATION. The new technology has introduced new media and a new form of TRANSLATION, i.e. multimedia TRANSLATION. The research questions of this study aimed to see if there are any shifts in the product of TRANSLATION when it is performed from one medium to another and if so, what the causes of the shifts are. This research showed that shifts do occur in multimedia TRANSLATION mainly in the form of addition, omission and alteration that can be categorized as microtextual and macrotextual. The translator's choice of shifts can vary according to the nature of the media, expectations and culture of the audience and the skopos of the translator. It seems that the occurrence of shifts in multimedia TRANSLATION does not make the TRANSLATION less faithful to the source text.

IntroductionThe present article studies some notions in Psychoanalysis in the context of Linguistics and TRANSLATION Studies (TS), and aims at investigating the relationship between Jacques Lacan’s (1901-1981) ideas and a number of fundamental concepts and notions in the field of TS.Lacan transformed psychoanalysis from a merely 'therapeutic methodology' into a novel form of science concentrating mainly on the various 'realities' rooted in culture (Pombo Sánchez, 2007, cited in Tristán, 2015: 61). TRANSLATION, as a product, can have its own life in the target language (TL) and possess a somehow independent ‘identity’. Since 'identity', as a specialized concept in psychoanalysis, is deeply rooted in 'culture', the study of culture, as a concept narrowly intertwined with ‘language’ and ‘TRANSLATION’, gains paramount significance (Afrouz, 2017: 41; Afrouz, 2020: 9). But, the important point here is that, while a lot of researchers have worked on issues like ‘culture’, ‘identity’ and ‘TRANSLATION’, few studies attempted to rigorously take the issue of ‘psychoanalysis’ and its relation to the TS theories into consideration. Therefore, the current study was an attempt just to fill the research gap, or at least, to avoid the expansion of such a gap into becoming a complete breakage.MethodologyThe American School of COMPARATIVE literature is the general framework of the paper and principles of conducting interdisciplinary studies introduced by Henry Remak and Steven Tötösy de Zepetnek are the main basis for conducting the present study. In the American School, in contrast to the French School, the scope of literature is so wide that it paves the way for researchers to make their comparison related to various fields of studies, such as linguistics, TRANSLATION Studies, art, psychology, psychoanalysis, etc.As for the corpus of the current study, we had Lacan’s ideas, extracted from his books and articles, analytically compared with a number of fundamental concepts and notions in the field of TS—the concepts were mainly adopted from ideas of some key figures in the field. DiscussionLacan refers to three stages of the growth of an infant, namely the 'Real', the 'Imaginary', and the 'Symbolic' (Evans, 1996: 50). In the Real stage, everything exists in its complete form, with no deficiency. Similarly, in the first stage of TRANSLATION, there is no imperfection since all that is available is the source text (ST) which just needs to be comprehended by the translator. Here, s/he just needs to ‘absorb’ the ST textual material. In the Imaginary stage, the infant comes to make a distinction between him/her ‘self’ and the ‘other’. In a similar vein, after comprehending the ST, the translator strives to draw distinguishing lines between the ST textual material and the TL equivalents already formed in his mind. Therefore, in the second phase of TRANSLATION, the translator detects equivalents for the SL imaginary signified entities. The translator assumes them to be the same as the ST. That is exactly where the target text (TT) or ‘TRANSLATION’ gradually comes to existence. The symbolic stage is similar to the last stage of TRANSLATION, namely the production phase where the TT becomes ready. At this stage, those signified entities in the mind of the translator become visible (either in the oral or written form) and constitute a unified whole called the TT.As the ‘other’ has a unique position in psychoanalytical issues, the same can be assumed for the position of the ST in TRANSLATIONal issues. While translators do their best to create a uniquely perfect text in the target language and call him/herself its ‘creator’, it would never seem to be so simple to make such a claim, and that is why the act of translating seems to be an everlastingly unfinished task—a task which is sometimes associated by the act of self-revision on the translator him/herself, or is done by others in the form of ‘re-TRANSLATIONs’, as a step towards reaching perfection or approaching as close as possible to that ‘ideal form’ in their minds. ConclusionThe current paper focused on a number of concepts in psychoanalysis through the lens of linguistics and TRANSLATION Studies, and aimed at exploring the potential abstract relation between Lacan’s ideas and some primary notions in the discipline of TRANSLATION Studies. An analytical comparison was also made between Lacanian Psychoanalytic Theories and that of Sigmund Freud’s.The process of child’s growth and concepts such as “The Real”, “The Imaginary”, and “The Symbolic” were expounded. Then, Freud’s and Lacan’s ideas on “Self”, “Other”, “unconscious”, “parents”, “Phallus”, “center” and its influence on the whole system were all COMPARATIVEly analyzed. Finally, the relationship between the two psychoanalysts’ ideas and some notions in TRANSLATION Studies was investigated. To accomplish this, a number of key concepts in the field (e.g. text, text-typology, different types of TRANSLATION, etc.) were initially discussed and then it was attempted to take a look at Lacan’s ideas through the spectacles of the TS.On balance, the findings, being perfectly in line with that of Afrouz’s (2019) study, revealed the existence of a special abstract relationship between TRANSLATION Studies and psychoanalysis.Prospective researchers are highly recommended to concentrate on the ideas offered by other prominent psychoanalysts and meticulously explore them through the lens of linguistic and TS theories. Furthermore, other COMPARATIVE studies of such kind can potentially be conducted by competent researchers who are interested in ideas presented in Structuralisms, Post-structuralisms, Modernism, Post-modernism, Marxism, etc. and analytically compare them with theories in the TS and even, Interpreting Studies (IS).

Both Persian and Spanish are parts of Indo-European language family that despite the need to categorize and understand some grammatical points for learning, so far no comprehensive COMPARATIVE research on the grammar of these two languages has been done. Mood of verb is a sample of the complexities of the grammar of these two languages. . In this article, after matching the structures of indicative and subjunctive moods in these two languages, We have examined the association of commonly used modal elements and indicators  in simple Spanish sentences with the verbs of these two moods and by dividing them into three groups, we have determined which mood is used with verb along with the elements of each group, therefore by systematizing them, it is easier to find the mood equivalents of the two languages and this helps the process of learning and teaching the field of research. Besides, during the research, it was found that without knowing the structure of the source and destination language, and just by emphasizing the TRANSLATION of modal elements, it is impossible to transfer the exact modal meaning concept of sentences in TRANSLATION.

The Holy Quran, as an Arabic masterpiece, comprises great domains of syntactical, phonological, and semantic literary patterns. These patterns work as the shackle of translators. This study examined the application of the most common shift strategies in Catford’s linguistic model for TRANSLATION of topicalization in chapter 29 of the Holy Quran. The topicalized cases were compared to their coun-terparts in the three English renderings accomplished by Shakir, Nikayin, and Arberry. The study adopted Widdowson’s classification based on syntactic, phonetic, and semantic features of the liter-ary devices as the main framework and Halliday strategy for the exemplification of topicalization as the second framework. The findings of the study depict that, Arberry, Shakir and Nikayin have shown a considerably greater tendency towards employment of Category Shift than Level Shift. Among the category shifts, unit shift and Literal TRANSLATION respectively enjoyed the highest frequen-cy in the TRANSLATION of topicalization. All the current translators preserved topicalization into target texts (un) intentionally. Finally, since the unit shift and literal TRANSLATION proved the most frequently applied types of shifts in TRANSLATION of syntactic patterns of religious texts from Arabic into English, the mentioned strategies may be considered as the part of schedule of TRANSLATION workshops. Moreo-ver, since syntactic literary devices includes parts of the meaning of source text, so translators should pay more attention to preserve this phenomenon in TRANSLATION procedure.

Taboo terms are one of problematic areas in the process of TRANSLATION. Dictionaries are one of tools translators use to solve this problem. There are some differences between dictionaries in the number of taboo terms and the strategies applied in their TRANSLATION. Knowing the characteristic of dictionaries in this respect can help translators choosing a suitable dictionary to solve their problem. The present study was an attempt to find the frequency of taboos, the strategies applied in their TRANSLATION in Hezareh and Arianpur dictionaries and the relation between the frequency of taboo terms and the applied strategy to understand the characteristics and successfulness of these two dictionaries in this respect. Many studies have been done on the topic of taboo terms and their TRANSLATIONs in Persian and English language but in case of dictionaries nothing has been done. Different scholars have provided different definitions, categorizations and TRANSLATION strategies for taboo terms. In the following the categorization of taboo terms and the strategies of translating them are presented...

History of TRANSLATION theories, from time to time may experience release of a book that turns out to be highly influential in the evolution of this discipline. One of such works is "COMPARATIVE stylistics of French and English" by Jean-Paul Vinay and Jean Darbelnet. Among other works on TRANSLATION theories, the book enjoys a preeminent position. It has been so influential that some scholars of TRANSLATION studies working on different linguistic expressions have also imitated its model and published their own books. In their work, Vinay and Darbelnet have proposed seven TRANSLATION procedures.This paper is based on one of those seven procedures (Transposition) to review some changes when translating from French into Persian and vice versa. Furthermore, we have also devised a questionnaire to evaluate the position of TRANSLATION theories in students' view.